An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."
The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of theInternet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995. IPv6 was standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998,and its deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.
IP addresses are binary numbers, but they are usually stored in text files and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 (for IPv6).
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally and delegates five regional Internet registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to local Internet registries(Internet service providers) and other entities.
"There are totally 256 [0 to 255] host (or) PC for one network.According to this the IP ADDRESSES are classifeid in 5 classes.They are:
The Basic Hardware Network Components are the following:
Network Interface Cards,Repeaters,Hubs,Bridges,Switches,Routers and Firewalls.
Network Interface Cards: A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to physically access a networking medium. It provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. MAC-Media Access Control Address
Each Ethernet network interface has a unique MAC address which is usually stored in a small memory device on the card, allowing any device to connect to the network without creating an address conflict. Ethernet MAC addresses are composed of six octets. Uniqueness is maintained by the IEEE, which manages the Ethernet address space by assigning 3-octet prefixes to equipment manufacturers. Repeaters and Hubs: A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal, cleans it of unnecessary noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. A repeater with multiple ports is known as a hub. Repeaters work on the Physical Layer of the OSI model. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. This can cause a propagation delay which can affect network communication when there are several repeaters in a row. Many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row.
Bridges:
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Bridges broadcast to all ports except the port on which the broadcast was received. However, bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do, but learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address to that port only. Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a port, its source address is stored and the bridge assumes that MAC address is associated with that port. The first time that a previously unknown destination address is seen, the bridge will forward the frame to all ports other than the one on which the frame arrived. Bridges come in three basic types: Local bridges: Directly connect LANs Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced with routers. Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.
Switches:
A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network segments or network devices. The term commonly refers to a multi-port network bridge that processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3) and above are often referred to as layer-3 switches or multilayer switches.
The first Ethernet switch was introduced by Kalpana in 1990.
With the help of Switch we can connect many no.of systems and their peripheral devices together,by the use of Ethernet Cables and can share information among them.
Routers:
A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating an overlay internet work. A router is connected to two or more data lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in on one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it gets to its destination node.
The most familiar type of routers are home and small office routers that simply pass data, such as web pages and email, between the home computers and the owner's cable or DSL modem, which connects to the Internet through an ISP. More sophisticated routers, such as enterprise routers, connect large business or ISP networks up to the powerful core routers that forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone.
Firewalls:
A firewall is an important aspect of a network with respect to security. It typically rejects access requests from unsafe sources while allowing actions from recognized ones. The vital role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in 'cyber' attacks for the purpose of stealing/corrupting data, planting viruses, etc.
The first step to start up with networking is joining courses in outside institute.
Starting with CCNA course,it is teaches all about basics of networking and many of other options in detail. CCNA -->CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATES.
Next after CCNA course,we can continue with other networking professional courses like CCNP.
There are some links below by which you can know about the work courses and its detail.
No 393 & 394, Alagu Towers, 2ND & 3RD Floor, 100 Ft Road, Gandhipuram
Coimbatore - 641012
phone.no:+(91)-(422)-4220840.
This niit institute is best for networking courses by going through the website we can get the all details about the courses and it is efficent for kovai citizen..
It has it branches all over India.The link for all over India branch http://www.niit.com/
Networking cables are used to connect one network device to other or to connect two or more computers to share printer, scanner etc. Different types of network cables like Coaxial cable, Optical fiber cable, Twisted Pair cables are used depending on the network's topology, protocol and size. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).
TWISTED PAIR:
Twisted pair cabling is a form of wiring in which two conductors (the forward and return conductors of a single circuit) are twisted together for the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources. This type of cable is used for home and corporate Ethernet networks. Twisted pair cables consist of two insulated copper wires. There are three types of twisted pair cables: Shielded, Unshielded and Foiled.
OPTICAL FIBER CABLE:
An 'optical fiber cable' is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed. It carries light impulses. It is expensive but have higher bandwidth and transmit data over longer distance.
COAXIAL CABLE:
Coaxial lines confine the electromagnetic wave to the area inside the cable, between the center conductor and the shield. The transmission of energy in the line occurs totally through the dielectric inside the cable between the conductors. Coaxial lines can therefore be bent and twisted (subject to limits) without negative effects, and they can be strapped to conductive supports without inducing unwanted currents in them.
The most common use for coaxial cables is for television and other signals with bandwidth of multiple megahertz. Although in most homes coaxial cables have been installed for transmission of TV signals, new technologies (such as the ITU-T G.hn standard) open the possibility of using home coaxial cable for high-speed home networking applications (Ethernet over coax).
In the 20th century they carried long distance network &telephone connections.
PATCH CABLE:
A patch cable is an electrical or optical cable used to connect one electronic or optical device to another for signal routing. Devices of different types (i.e. a switch connected to a computer, or a switch connected to a router) are connected with patch cords. It is a very fast connection speed. Patch cords are usually produced in many different colors so as to be easily distinguishable, and are relatively short, perhaps no longer than two metres.
ETHERNET CROSS OVER CABLE:
An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly where they would normally be connected via a network switch, hub or router, such as directly connecting two personal computers via their network adapters. Cross Cable is used to connect the same devices such as pc to pc, hub to hub, switch to switch etc.but i have noticed that a cross over cable can be used to connect two devices of different types, NO COMMENTS for straight cable in this context.
A Computer Network is a group of computers connected to each other electronically through various cable.
This describes that a computer can communicate with each other,by this they can easily send information.The speed will be faster than the internet connection and it depends on the cable connected between the system.
>A local area network (often called LAN) connects to or more computers and may be called corporate network with in an office or building setting.
>An "internetwork" sometimes called a wide area network connects two or more smaller networks together.The largest internetwork is called Internet.
How to set up a network between two system?
> To set up a network we required a media.The media can be a wired or wireless.Twisted-pair,fiber optics are examples of cables and infra-red,blue-tooth,radio-wave,micro-wave etc.,are wireless media used for networking.When working with LAN means,computer peripherals are sufficient.When working with WAN means,we need Router,Bridge,Gateway,Switch and Hub to connect small or large networks.And a protocol must be maintained.
> To set up a network you have to select an appropriate topology is required to arrange thce hardware devices using Media.Topologies generally used are bus-topology,ring-topology,star-topology,tree-topology,object-oriented topology etc..,Among these star-topology and tree-topology are most popular nowadays.
About the various cable ,hardware devices and topologies will be discussed in next post..
If you are usually sharing your computer with someone else, then you might want to restrict their access to your applications, files or documents. Using the AppLocker tool, you have a few options to do this by blocking other users to access Executables, Windows Installers, Scripts, a specific publisher or path.
You can simply do this by pressing the Windows key then typing Gpedit.msc. Then go to Computer Configuration -> Windows Settings -> Security Settings -> Application Control Policies -> AppLocker. Right click on one of the options (Executables, Installers, or Script) and create a new rule. That should save you from a lot of headaches.
2.Combine Taskbar Icons:
When you have more windows or applications opened, the taskbar’s space might not be enough for them all, so you need to combine them, just like you would in Windows XP or Vista. To do this, right-click the Start button, then go to Properties -> Taskbar and check “Combine when taskbar is full”.
3.Make The Taskbar Smaller:
If you feel like the taskbar is using too much of your screen space, you can choose to make the icons smaller. To do this, right-click on the Start button, then go toProperties -> Taskbar and set it to “Use small icons”
Press ALT + P to hide it then once again to display it.
5.Add Videos To Your Start Menu:
If you were looking for a faster way to access your videos, then Windows 7 has the right answer for you.
Right click the Start button, then go to Properties -> Start Menu -> Customize and set the Videos to “Display as a link” and you’re done, you will now find them in the Start Menu.
6.Windows Action Center:
Windows Action Center offers you important information about your PC, like the Antivirus Status, updates, troubleshooting and provides a backup scheduling feature.
To access it, go to Control Panel -> System And Security -> Action Center.
7. Windows Troubleshooting Platform:
This platform can help you solve a lot of issues you may encounter, like the internet connection, hardware devices, poor system performance and more. You can choose what to troubleshoot and it will come with some possible explanations for the problem that might really help you.
There are a lot of options, guidance and information available there, so give it a try by typing “troubleshoot” or “fix” after pressing the Windows Key.
8.Turn Off ‘Send Feedback’:
If for some reason, you’re still using the Beta version of Windows 7 and if you feel disturbed by “Send Feedback button”, there is a way to turn it off. Press the Windows Key and type ‘regedit’, then go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop and set FeedbackToolEnabled to 0. After you restart the computer, it shouldn’t be there anymore. Also, if you want to turn it on again, set theFeedbackToolEnabled to 3.
9.Mouse Gestures:
Windows 7 has not only brought gestures for those who use touchscreen devices, but for mouse users too. So, instead of right-clicking a Taskbar icon to access the jump list, you can hold left-click and drag upwards to smoothly call it up. In addition, clicking and dragging down the address bar in Internet Explorer will open the browsing history. There might be more gestures yet not discovered.
10.Create A Screen Lock Shortcut:
In case you don’t like shortkeys or you keep forgetting them, there’s another option for screen lock.
Simply create a new shortcut to C:\Windows\System32\rundll32.exe user32.dll, LockWorkStation and place it wherever you want.
Recover the deleted files,when they are deleted by shift-delete key or emptied from recycle bin.
There are list of soft wares to recover your data's and here is the link below go n download them and be satisfied..
This article will help you install windows 8 on VMware software using VMware tools. The whole installation process takes only about 10 minutes depending on your computer and resources available for virtual machine. The Windows 8 installation process is straight forward and you can choose default options or select obvious settings. It will ask for a Windows 8 product key which you can skip and choose to provide it later
The Windows 8 Developer Preview is a preview of what an operating system is expected to look and feel like once development is complete. While you may be months or even a year away from seeing the release version of Windows 8, you can still take advantage of this program for a quick glimpse of what is ahead.
For users who switched away and for those also who stayed away through Windows Vista and Windows 7, Windows 8 marks one of the most significant user interface changes. Like Windows 3.11 gave way to Windows 95. The Start menu is entirely different, and the user interface is geared towards a blend between traditional and touch-based applications.
Step by step 10 instructions on how to install Windows 8 on VMware Software:
1) Download Windows 8 installer from the official Microsoft Windows website.
2) Install VMware software. The installation is a straight forward process. During installation, you will have to provide the VMware product key you received in the email.
3) Launch VMware software. You can find the shortcut to launch VMware software on your desktop or start menu.
4) Create a new Virtual Machine by clicking on the appropriate link in the welcome screen or in the File menu.
5) When you create a new virtual machine, choose the option "I will install the operating system later."
The option to install from the Windows 8 installer ISO image may not work since VMware cannot recognize the Windows 8 operating system yet.
6) Choose Windows as the operating system. Since you will not find Windows 8 in the list, choose Windows 7 or Windows 7 64-bit, whichever is appropriate. Choose the default options or appropriate options in all other screens.
7) After you complete creating the new virtual machine, VMware will open the new virtual machine with a blank screen.
8) Click on the "Power on this virtual machine" option. It will try to boot the virtual machine. However it will fail to start the operating system since there is no operating system installed yet.
9) Mount the ISO image as DVD drive and install Windows 8 from it. To mount the Windows 8 ISO image, click on the tab for your virtual machine in VMware window and select "Removable Devices" Ã "CD/DVD (IDE)" Ã "Settings".
10) Click on the “CD/DVD (IDE)” option on the left side. On the right side, choose the option "Use ISO image file" and select your Windows 8 installer ISO image file.
You are all set to install Windows 8 on the VMware software. All you have to do is click on "Restart VM" at the bottom of the VMware software screen and it will restart the virtual machine and boot from the Windows 8 ISO image.
Introduction:-
PC requirement of RAM is huge and because ram is very expensive memory so we try to minimize it by either using Hard Disk or PenDrive as RAM. Thou using hard disk and pen drive as RAM is very economical option but they are not as fast as the actual ram is so the ram space which is created through these opteration are used to store data of applications that are not currently active that is which have been stopped ,not closed but which we are not using currently.
Among the two type of external ram, pen drive is faster one because pen drive is created using much faster disk technology then hard disk.
How to use Hard Disk as RAM:-
1.Goto "My Computer"
2.Now Right Click on Blank Space in My Computer or simply Right Click on My Computer Icon
3.Now on right click menu that appears Left Click on Property
4.Now new windows will pop up here. if you are using XP then goto Advanced Tab and if you are using Higher Version then Goto Advanced System Setting option on the right in the window that appeared and
then Goto Advanced Tab of the next window.
5.Here you can see number of Setting Button, click the setting button which is under performance section
6.now in the window that appeared Goto Advanced Tab
7.Now in Virtual Memory Section you can see the currently allocated space and if you feel it is not present or used in less amount then click on the change button and increase the value in the window that appears...
When I cry you help me out
When I'm happy you hear me out shout
When I,m grin you really know I'm mad
Because your are my best friend
You can tell when I'm sad
You're there in thick and thin
You're my best friend
You hear me out when I wanna talk
You help me out when I get mad
You're the bestest Friend I ever had
So hear me out when I say
You are the light in my day
You are the moon in my day
You shine very bright
You're the bestest friend I ever had
and I miss u a lot my friend...
The second latest product "OPTIK TV".A high definition one,which as same like the videoscape product and has more than 100 HD channels.First when it was launched in June 2010,it had only 500 channels and no HD channels.Now it has been modified and launched again.
CREATING AN OPTIK TV ACCOUNT:
Setting up an Optik TV account allows you to access some Optik TV features when you are on the go.
Manage your HD PVR when you’re away from home using your smartphone , tablet or computer with remote record Watch a selection of TV On Demand programs on a smartphone, tablet or computer with optik TV on the go to get started with these great features you will need to set up an optik account on your TV. To find out how watch our tutorial video by clicking here or follow the steps below.
Step 1
First, you'll need to create an Optik TV account. Using your Optik TV remote select Menu, and navigate to Settings and select Optik TV account.
Step 2
If you have set your Parental controls PIN, you will be prompted to enter your PIN to access the page.
Step 3
Select Create Account.
Step 4
Use your remote to enter your email address.
Step 5
A confirmation code will be sent to the email address you provided with instructions on how to complete the registration process from the Web or your supported
smartphone.
Note: When creating a password, it is recommended you choose a password that is different from existing personal passwords like banking, email, or any other secure personal applications. This is especially important if you will be sharing the password with other members of your household.
The latest product has been developed is videoscape, it has been launched on this wednesday.
Cisco Videoscape lets service providers bring together content from pay TV, online, and on-demand sources. They can then combine content with social media,
communications, and mobility to create a "better than being there" video experience for consumers -- everywhere, at scale.
It is the first product in world like this type of technology development and an example of networking application product...
Cisco Videoscape reinvents the TV experience and makes it something entirely new: More simple: Less complexity, with fewer devices needed for immersive experiences More visual: A vast array of content delivered to consumers, wherever and however they want to view and interact More social: Social networking and communications so consumers can show, share, and engage through video experiences More mobile: Consumers can take their TV experience on the go and view it over multiple screens in or out of the home.
Television is just what most consumers relate to when they talk about that big screen in their living rooms. But from the CES stage today, Cisco chairman and CEO John Chambers said the vision is more about video on any device, over any network and on any size screen.It is like vision on ant screens through network and its features..
An sample of videoscape what is it really..?Get amazed by watching it.
Cisco Systems, Inc.is an American multinational corporation headquartered in San Jose, California, United States,that designs and sells consumer electronics, networking, voice, and communications technology and services. Cisco has more than 60,000 employees and annual revenue of US$ 40.0 billion as of 2010. The stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8, 2009, and is also included in the S&P 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index, NASDAQ 100 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index.
CISCO IN INDIA-The Bangalore city.
This is my dream CISCO SYSTEMS, where I would, like to get placed by my all efforts and hard work...
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US$ 43.21 billion (2011)
US$ 7.67 billion (2011)